Dr. Jeff's and Dr. Tanya's Blog: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children

Can ADHD Medication Treatment Improve Academic Performance in Children?

Children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) who take medication to treat the condition tend to do better in math and reading compared to their peers who also have ADHD but do not take medication, according to data from a national survey. The NIMH-funded study was published in the May 2009 issue of Pediatrics.

Background

ADHD, which is characterized by poor concentration, distractibility, hyperactivity, impulsivity and other symptoms, can adversely affect a child's academic performance. Compared to their peers without the disorder, children with ADHD tend to have lower grades, lower math and reading scores, and are more likely to repeat a year or drop out of school.

Richard Scheffler, Ph.D., of the University of California Berkeley, and colleagues analyzed a sample of 594 children diagnosed with ADHD who were part of the nationally representative Early Childhood Longitudinal Study—Kindergarten Class of 1998-1999, a U.S. Department of Education survey. The children were surveyed for various issues five times between kindergarten and fifth grade. The researchers focused on the children's math and reading scores to determine if medication use for ADHD was associated with academic achievement during elementary school.

Results of the Study

The study found that students with ADHD who took medication had math scores that were on average 2.9 points higher and reading scores on average 5.4 points higher than their unmedicated peers with ADHD. This equated to gains that were equivalent to the progress typically made in one-fifth of a school year in math, and one-third of a school year in reading. Improvements in reading, however, were seen only in students who had been taking medication for at least two rounds of the survey. The authors suggest that the different findings between math and reading scores may point to underlying differences in the process of learning.

Significance

The findings echo previous studies that have found that use of ADHD medication can improve children's attention and memory skills, which can help them do better in school. In addition, the improvement is notable because early academic success often predicts later school progress, said the researchers. However, they caution that the gains are not enough to eliminate the achievement gap typically seen between children with ADHD and those without the disorder.

What's Next

The findings support the need for long-term studies designed to better understand the relationship between medication use and academic achievement in children with ADHD. The authors also conclude by noting that more research is needed on combining medication with behavioral interventions to improve the school performance of children with ADHD.

Reference

Scheffler RM, Brown TT, Fulton BD, Hinshaw SP, Levine P, Stone S. Positive association between attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder medication use and academic achievement during elementary school. Pediatrics. 2009 May. 123(5): 1273-1279.

Additional Sources of Information:

Great Informational Websites Created by Dr. Speller and Dr. Korkosz:

Sources: National Institute of Mental Health, Also see blogposts in Psychiatric Disorders: General and ADHD Children

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Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on June 17, 2009 at 06:56 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Is Short-term Intensive Treatment Helpful in ADHD Children?

Initial positive results gleaned from intensive treatment of childhood attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are unlikely to be sustained over the long term, according to a recent analysis of data from the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA). The study was published online ahead of print March 2009 in the Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry.

Background

The MTA was the first major multi-site trial comparing different treatments for ADHD in childhood. The initial results of the 14-month study, in which 579 children were randomly assigned to one of three intensive treatment groups (medication alone, psychosocial/behavioral treatment alone, a combination of both) or to routine community care were published in 1999. The researchers found that the intensive medication management alone or in combination with the behavioral therapy produced better symptomatic relief for children with ADHD than just behavioral therapy or usual community care. Children who received the combination treatment fared best in other areas of functioning such as social skills and parent-child relations. About half of the initial benefits of the intensive medication management and combination treatments dissipated by the first follow-up, which was two years after the trial began.

A follow-up study published in August 2007 found that, although most children had maintained improvement three years after the trial began, the initial advantages of intensive medication management alone or in combination with behavioral treatment had waned. The most recent analysis by Brooke Molina Ph.D., of the University of Pittsburgh, and colleagues aimed to characterize the long-term functioning of the children eight years after they were enrolled in the trial.

Results of the Study

Using reports from parents and teachers as well as self-reports from the children, now high school-aged, the researchers found that the youth’s functioning remained improved overall compared to their functioning at the beginning of the study, suggesting that available treatments can still be effective. However, they also found the following:

The eight-year follow-up revealed no differences in symptoms or functioning among the youths assigned to the different treatment groups as children. This result suggests that the type or intensity of a one-year treatment for ADHD in childhood does not predict future functioning.
Youths with ADHD still had significantly more academic and social problems compared with peers who did not have ADHD. They also had more conduct problems including run-ins with police, as well as more depression, and psychiatric hospitalizations.
Some differences emerged among the youths with ADHD. For example, youths who had responded well to treatment and maintained their gains for two more years after the end of the trial tended to be functioning the best at eight years.
A majority (61.5 percent) of the children who were medicated at the end of the 14-month trial had stopped taking medication by the eight-year follow-up, suggesting that medication treatment may lose appeal with families over time. The reasons for this decline are under investigation, but they nevertheless signal the need for alternative treatments.
Children who were no longer taking medication at the eight-year follow-up were generally functioning as well as children who were still medicated, raising questions about whether medication treatment beyond two years continues to be beneficial or needed by all.

Significance

The researchers suggest that maintaining a good treatment response probably requires a sustained effort that takes into account long-term academic and behavioral problems commonly associated with ADHD and adapts to the demands of adolescence. Medication may continue to be helpful for some teenagers, but their needs should be re-evaluated periodically. The researchers also speculate that a child’s initial clinical presentation, including ADHD symptom severity, behavior problems, social skills and family resources, may predict how they will function as teens more so than the type of treatment they received.

What’s Next

The researchers acknowledge a crucial need for treatments that are more sustainable over the long run and accessible and effective among adolescents. Future studies could test the benefits of periodic treatments throughout a child’s development that adapt to the changing needs of teens with ADHD.

Reference

Molina BSG, Hinshaw SP, Swanson JM, Arnold LE, Vitiello B, Jensen PS, Epstein JN, Hoza B, Hechtman L, Abikoff HB, Elliott GR, Greenhill LL, Newcorn JH, Wells KC, Wigal T, Severe JB, Gibbons RD, Hur K, Houck PR, and the MTA Cooperative Group. The MTA at 8 years: Prospective follow-up of children treated for combined type ADHD in the multisite study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry. Online ahead of print March 2009.

Source: National Institute of Mental Health

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Great Informational Websites Created by Dr. Speller and Dr. Korkosz:

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on April 09, 2009 at 09:42 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Can ADHD Children Improve with Relaxation Techniques?

Mental health professional have long debated about whether relaxation techniques can help children with ADHD. An article published in Medical News Today, December 30, 2008, examines this issue. The article reports on a study published December 2008 in the peer-reviewed online journal Current Issues in Education. The study "....was conducted in a private K-12 school for children with language-based learning disabilities. Participation was restricted to 10 students, ages 11-14, who had pre-existing diagnoses of ADHD. About half of the students were on medication. The students meditated at school in a group for 10 minutes, morning and afternoon...To determine the influence of the TM technique, at the beginning and end of the three-month period, parents, teachers and students completed standard ADHD assessment inventories measuring stress and anxiety, behavior and social competency, and executive function. Students were also given a battery of performance tests to measure cognitive functioning." The results of the study were very interesting. "....[in] middle school students with ADHD who were meditating twice a day in school...researchers found over 50 percent reduction in stress and anxiety and improvements in ADHD symptoms...The children also showed improvements in attention, working memory, organization, and behavior regulation....after the in-school meditation routine began, teachers reported they were able to teach more, and students were able to learn more because they were less stressed and anxious." A second study of TM and ADHD children also showed positive improvements in ADHD. "A second, recently completed TM-ADHD study with a control group measured brain function using electroencephalography (EEG). Preliminary data shows that three months practice of the technique resulted in significant positive changes in brain functioning during visual-motor skills. Changes were specifically seen in the circuitry of the brain associated with attention and distractibility. After six months TM practice, measurements of distractibility moved into the normal range." The implications of these two studies are quite significant. First, parents of children who have ADHD should give serious consideration to adding TM to their children's treatment plan. As this study shows, even in children who are already receiving medication for their ADHD can still gain significant benefit from TM. Second, child psychiatrists and pediatricians who routinely prescribe medication for the ADHD child patients, should encourage parents to try TM in their children. Third, parents of ADHD chidlren should definitely speak to the health care treatment providers of their ADHD children to determine if their child is a candidate for TM as an adjunctive treatment ffor their child. And, fourth, public health professionals should increase public education and awareness efforts to educate parents about the benefits of TM as a possible treatment for ADHD in children.

Resources:

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

Great Informational Websites Created by Dr. Speller and Dr. Korkosz:

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Children” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Children” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

How to Understand the Treatment of ADHD in Children. Watch this top rated video from Yourtube:

Sources: Orginal article, See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General and Children, Youtube

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on April 06, 2009 at 05:43 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Can ADHD Children Improve by Spending More Time Outdoors?

Mental health professional have long debated about what helps children with ADHD. An article published in Medical News Today, October 16, 2008, examines this issue. The article reports on a study published in a recent issue of the Journal of Attention Disorders. The researchers "...conducted a study in which [the researchers] took children on walks in three different settings - one especially "green" and two less "green" - and kept everything about the walks as similar as possible...Some children took the "green" walk first; others took it second or last. After each walk, an experimenter who didn't know which walk the child had been on tested their attention using a standard neurocognitive test called Digit Span Backwards, in which a series of numbers are said aloud and the child recites them backwards. It's a test in which practice doesn't improve your score." The results of this study were interesting. The researchers"...compared each child's performance to their own performance on different walks...And when [the researchers] compared the scores for the walks in different environments, [they] found that after the walk in the park children generally concentrated better than they did after a walk in the downtown area or the neighborhood area. The greenest space was best at improving attention after exposure." The implications of this study are significant. First, the study confirms that nature matters in the treatment of ADHD in children. The researchers note that "...the physical environment matters...[the researchers didn't] ...know what it is about the park, exactly - the greenness or lack of buildings - that seems to improve attention, but the study [shows]... that even though everything else was the same - who the child was with, the levels of noise, the length of time, the time of day, whether the child was on medication..If [the researchers] kept everything else the same and...just changed the environment, [the researchers] still saw a measurable difference in children's symptoms." Second, mental health professionals who treat ADHD children show consider introducing nature walks as part of the treatment. And, third, parents of ADHD children spend more time with their children in a natural setting. In conclusion, one of the researchers notes that "...it would be easy to add a dose of nature to a child's routine...I could imagine parents hearing about this research and immediately applying it - just trying it out - taking their child to the park either when their child's symptoms are exacerbated or as a regular routine. It's not that hard to incorporate, especially if they have a green backyard or if they can get to a neighborhood park. Again, we can't say for sure that it would work for any given child - but there's probably very little risk involved in encouraging your child to play outdoors and seeing if their symptoms improve."

The Bottom Line: The results of this study strongly suggest that a walk in nature can decrease the symptoms of ADHD in children.

Resources:

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Resources:

Great Informational Websites Created by Dr. Speller and Dr. Korkosz:

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Children” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Children” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

How to Understand the Treatment of ADHD in Children. Watch this top rated video from Yourtube:

Sources: Original Article, See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General and Children, Youtube

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on April 06, 2009 at 05:41 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Does Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) Impair the Development of Motor Skills in Children?

Mental health professionals have long wondered about the impact of ADHD on the development of motor skills in children. An article published online in Modern Medicine (11/4/08) examines this issue.The article reports on a study published in the November 2008 issue of Neurology. The researchers compared 132 ADHD children to 136 normal controls. The results were interesting. “Timed tasks significantly improved in both control and ADHD groups with age, but controls remained consistently faster across all ages, the researchers report. ADHD girls and controls demonstrated consistent age-related declines in overflow and dysrhythmia [measures of motor function], while boys with ADHD demonstrated little developmental improvement in these signs through 14 years of age, the investigators found.” The results of this study suggest that ADHD is associated with impaired motor development, particularly in boys.

The Bottom Line: The results of this study suggest that ADHD is associated with impaired motor development, particularly in boys.

Reference: Article

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

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Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on January 29, 2009 at 10:50 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Is There a Link Between Early Childhood Injuries And ADHD?

Mental health professionals have long wondered about the relationship between early childhood injuries and ADHD. Previous studies have suggested that ADHD may be a result of early traumatic brain injury. An article published online in Medial News Today (11/8/08) examines this issue. The article reports on a study recently published in the British Medial Journal. The researchers studied “62,088 children from 308 general practices between 1988 and 2003,” and measured the frequency of head injuries and burn injuries before the age of 2. The results were interesting. “Results of the analysis showed that compared to non-injured controls, children in both injury groups [head injury and burn injury] had similar and significantly higher rates of ADHD. Specifically, having a head injury before age two predicted a doubling in the likelihood of receiving an ADHD diagnosis compared to not having a head injury. There was no difference, however, between the head injury group and the burn injury group.” The results of this study support the “hypothesis that the ADHD core symptoms - excessive inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity - might be key factors associated with an increased rate of injury." These results suggest that although ADHD may be associated with an increased likelihood of early childhood injuries, it is unlikely that ADHD is caused by early traumatic brain injury.

The Bottom Line: The results of this study suggest that ADHD may be associated with an increased likelihood of early childhood injuries, however it is unlikely that ADHD is caused by early traumatic brain injury.

Reference: Article http://www.medicalnewstoday.com/articles/128443.php

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

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Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on January 29, 2009 at 10:48 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Do children with ADHD put a strain on marriages?

Mental health professionals have long been concerned about the impact of raising children with ADHD on marriages. An article in the Oct. 22 edition of Medical News Today titled, “Couples with children with ADHD at risk of higher divorce rates, shorter marriages,” examines this issue. The article reports on a study recently published in the October 2008 issue of the Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology. The researchers studied 282 adolescents with ADHD and their parents and compared them to 206 matched controls. The results were sobering. “…22.7 percent of parents of children with ADHD had divorced by the time the child was 8 years old, compared to 12.6 percent of parents in the control group…Of the characteristics that may contribute to risk of divorce, a father's antisocial behavior proved to be the largest factor. The rate of divorce also increased when mothers had substantially less education than fathers; children were diagnosed with ADHD at a younger age; families had racial or ethnic minority children and children had serious ODD [Oppositional Defiant Disorder] or CD [Conduct Disorder] behavior problems.” The results of this study strongly suggest that raising children with ADHD can put a significant strain on marriages.

The Bottom Line: The results of this study strongly suggest that raising children with ADHD can put a significant strain on marriages.

Reference: Article

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: National Institute of Mental Health, See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Email this • Sphere: Related Content • Technorati Links • View CC license • Subscribe to this feed • Save to del.icio.us • Share on Facebook • Stumble It! • Add to Mixx! • Discuss on Newsvine • Digg This! • outside.in: geotag this story

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on November 28, 2008 at 07:50 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Does stimulant treatment for ADHD lead to an increased risk of substance abuse?

Parents of children with ADHD have long been concerned about whether treatment with stimulant medication will increase the risk of substance abuse. An article in the Oct. 7 edition of Medical News Today titled, “ADHD stimulant treatment may decrease the risk of substance abuse in adolescent girls,” examines this issue. The article reports on a study of 114 subjects recently published in the October 2008 edition of the Archives of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine. The results were encouraging. “[stimulant] treatment cut in half the risk of smoking, drinking alcohol or drug abuse.” The results of this study strongly suggest that the use of stimulant therapy for ADHD in adolescent girls may significantly reduce the risk of substance abuse.

The Bottom Line: The results of this study strongly suggest that the use of stimulant therapy for ADHD in adolescent girls may significantly reduce the risk of substance abuse.

Reference: Article

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: National Institute of Mental Health, See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Email this • Sphere: Related Content • Technorati Links • View CC license • Subscribe to this feed • Save to del.icio.us • Share on Facebook • Stumble It! • Add to Mixx! • Discuss on Newsvine • Digg This! • outside.in: geotag this story

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on November 28, 2008 at 07:49 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Is Age-related Decline of ADHD Symptoms Disrupted by Middle School?

Although symptoms of attention deficit/hyperactivity (ADHD) can last into adulthood, typically they decline as a child gets older. But a new study indicates that the stressful transition from elementary school to middle school complicates this pattern and may even disrupt it. The study, which analyzed data from the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of ADHD (MTA), was published July 2008, in the Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology.

Research has shown that ADHD symptoms, especially hyperactivity and impulsivity, tend to decline during a child’s adolescent years, although these symptoms do not necessarily disappear. Also, studies have indicated that simplifying and structuring a child’s environment and routine can impact ADHD symptoms. But when children enter middle school, their environment and routine change dramatically —they have multiple classes with multiple teachers; more homework, planning and organizational demands; and become more responsible for their own success.

Joshua M. Langberg, Ph.D., and Jeffery Epstein, Ph.D., of the University of Cincinnati and Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Center, and colleagues analyzed data from 258 children in the MTA study who completed elementary school and went on to middle school while enrolled in the study. Using reports from the children’s parents and teachers, the researchers found that while ADHD symptoms lessened as the children aged, the transition to middle school interrupted this trend. Parents reported greater disruption in symptoms than teachers, likely because the impact of the transition may have been more evident at home, according to the researchers.

The researchers also found that children taking medication for their ADHD symptoms fared no better than those not taking medication during the transition. Langberg and colleagues suggest that while medication is highly effective in treating ADHD symptoms, it is unlikely to help a child develop the specific skills needed to succeed in middle school, such as time management, organization, planning, and study skills.

For comparison, Langberg and colleagues tracked the experience of a control group of children without ADHD, who transitioned into the same schools at the same time as the children enrolled in the MTA study. They found that the children without ADHD were less likely to experience the same level of distress or difficulty as the children with ADHD, as they entered middle school, according to parent and teacher ratings.

The study provides the first research data to support the assertion that the environmental changes associated with the transition to middle school can worsen a child’s ADHD symptoms or disrupt the typical pattern of decline.

Reference

Langberg JM, Epstein JN, Altaye M, Molina BSG, Arnold LE, Vitiello B. The transition to middle school is associated with changes in the developmental trajectory of ADHD symptomatology in young adolescents with ADHD. Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology. 2008; 37(3): 651-663.

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: National Institute of Mental Health, See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Email this • Sphere: Related Content • Technorati Links • View CC license • Subscribe to this feed • Save to del.icio.us • Share on Facebook • Stumble It! • Add to Mixx! • Discuss on Newsvine • Digg This! • outside.in: geotag this story

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on October 24, 2008 at 08:05 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Do Preschoolers with Coexisting Disorders Show Less Response to ADHD Medication Treatment?

Preschoolers who are diagnosed with ADHD are not likely to respond to treatment with the stimulant methylphenidate, regardless of dosage, if they also have three or more coexisting disorders, according to a recent analysis of data from the Preschoolers with ADHD Treatment Study (PATS). PATS was funded by the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH).

Previously reported PATS results showed that overall, low doses of methylphenidate were safe and effective in treating 3-5-year-olds diagnosed with ADHD. This most recent study, one of seven new PATS articles published November 5, 2007, in the Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology, sought to identify individual characteristics that may affect how a child would respond to treatment. The other articles examine topics such as the effectiveness of methylphenidate over a follow-up phase, the effects of the medication on functional outcomes for the preschoolers, and others.

“This new data is an important step forward in bridging the gap between research results and clinical practice, bringing potentially valuable information to clinicians about ways to better customize treatments for their patients,” said NIMH Director Thomas R. Insel, M.D. “It also identifies a group of young children who have significant and multiple problems, and for whom more research is needed to identify effective treatments.”

Analyzing data from 165 children, Jaswinder Ghuman, M.D., of the University of Arizona, and colleagues examined demographic and family characteristics that may predict response to ADHD treatment. Among the children, 29 percent had no coexisting disorders, 42 percent had one coexisting disorder, 21 percent had two coexisting disorders, and 9 percent had three or more coexisting disorders. Oppositional defiant disorder, conduct disorder and anxiety disorders were the most common coexisting disorders.

The researchers found that children with no or only one coexisting disorder were most likely to respond to methylphenidate, while those with two coexisting disorders were moderately likely to respond. Children with three or more coexisting disorders did not respond at all to the treatment.

They also found no demographic characteristics (e.g., gender, age, ethnicity) that predicted how a child would respond to methylphenidate. However, children with three or more coexisting disorders were more likely to have a lower socioeconomic status, and lived with parents who were less educated and unemployed. In addition, these children also were more likely to live in a single-parent household.

“These results need to be replicated before they can be translated into practical recommendations,” said Dr. Ghuman. “But they are a solid reminder that we need to find better treatments for children with multiple disorders and challenging circumstances.”

The findings are consistent with the NIMH-funded Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with ADHD (MTA), which found that school-aged children with more coexisting disorders were less likely to respond to ADHD treatment.

Reference

Ghuman JK, Riddle MA, Vitiello B, Greenhill LL, Chuang S, Wigal S, Kollins S, Abikoff H, McCracken J, Kastelic El, Scharko AM, McGough J, Murray D, Evans L, Swanson J, Wigal T, Posner K, Cunningham C, Davies M, Skrobala A. Comorbidity moderates response to methylphenidate in the preschoolers with attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder. Journal of Child and Adolescent Psychopharmacology. Nov 2007; 17(5). 563-580.

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: National Institute of Mental Health, See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Email this • Sphere: Related Content • Technorati Links • View CC license • Subscribe to this feed • Save to del.icio.us • Share on Facebook • Stumble It! • Add to Mixx! • Discuss on Newsvine • Digg This! • outside.in: geotag this story

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on October 24, 2008 at 07:55 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Are Behavioral Interventions Effective for Preschoolers with ADHD?

Two types of early interventions designed to reduce symptoms of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) in preschoolers may be effective alternatives or additions to medication treatment, according to a recent NIMH-funded study. The study was published in the most recent quarterly edition of the journal School Psychology Review.

Lee Kern, PhD, and George DuPaul, PhD, of Lehigh University and colleagues compared a multicomponent intervention (MCI) with a parent education (PE) program using a group of 135 preschoolers (ages 3 to 5) diagnosed with ADHD and their parents. Participants who were randomly assigned to MCI received parent education classes that focused on parenting skills, understanding the child's behavior and development, and ensuring child safety. They also received individualized interventions in the home and at preschool or day care. Participants assigned to PE only received training in parenting skills in a group setting. Both programs lasted for one year and child progress was evaluated every six months.

Both groups showed significant improvement after one year. Problem behavior among the children decreased, and their social skills improved. Although the researchers expected to see more improvement among those receiving MCI compared to those receiving only PE, they found no significant differences in improvement rates between the two groups.

The researchers pose several explanations for the apparent lack of differences in outcomes between the two interventions. For example, more distinct differences between the two interventions may not be evident after only one year, but could emerge after a longer period of time. Another possibility may be that parent education classes may be sufficient for some, and more intensive interventions like MCI may not be necessary, at the very early stages of the disorder before problem behavior has become ingrained. Regardless of the reasons for the lack of differences, the results indicate that behavioral interventions for preschoolers with ADHD can be effective, and further study will help identify the best approaches.

Kern L, DePaul G, Volpe R, Sokol N, Lutz G, Arbolino L, Pipan M, VanBrakle J. Multisetting assessment-based intervention for young children at risk for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: Initial effects on academic and behavioral functioning. School Psychology Review, 2007; 36(2): 237-255.

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: National Institute of Mental Health, See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

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Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on October 24, 2008 at 07:55 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Are Improvements Following ADHD Treatment Sustained in Children?

Most children treated in a variety of ways for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) showed sustained improvement after three years in a major follow-up study funded by the National Institutes of Health's (NIH) National Institute of Mental Health (NIMH). Yet increased risk for behavioral problems, including delinquency and substance use, remained higher than normal.

The study followed-up children who had participated in the Multimodal Treatment Study of Children with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (MTA).

Initial advantages of medication management alone or in combination with behavioral treatment over purely behavioral or routine community care waned in the years after 14 months of controlled treatment ended. However, Peter Jensen, M.D., Columbia University, and colleagues emphasized that "it would be incorrect to conclude from these results that treatment makes no difference or is not worth pursuing."

Their report is among four on the outcome of the MTA study published in the August, 2007 Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry (JAACAP).

"We were struck by the remarkable improvement in symptoms and functioning across all treatment groups," explained Jensen.

After three years, 45-71 percent of the youth in the original treatment groups were taking medication. However, continuing medication treatment was no longer associated with better outcomes by the third year.

"Our results suggest that medication can make a long-term difference for some children if it's continued with optimal intensity, and not started or added too late in a child's clinical course," added Jensen.

For the followup study, a multi-site research team evaluated, at ages 10-13, 485 children from the original MTA study, the first major randomized trial comparing different treatments for ADHD, published in l999. That study found that intensive medication management alone or in combination with behavioral therapy produced better outcomes than just behavioral therapy or usual community care.

Ratings from families and teachers favored the combination treatment, which allowed for somewhat lower medication doses. Also, the careful management of medication by MTA physicians produced better outcomes than medication provided through usual community care sources.

After the 14 months of assigned treatments ended, families were free to choose from treatments available in their communities.

To understand why the initial advantage of medication wore off, the researchers examined medication use patterns that emerged after formal treatment in the study ended. They found that children who had been assigned to intensive behavioral treatment were more likely to begin taking medication, while those who had been taking medication were more likely to stop. For example, among children originally in the behavioral treatment group, the incidence of high medication use increased from 14 to 45 percent.

In a secondary analysis of the data that searched for possible explanations for the findings, in the same issue of the JAACAP, researchers led by James Swanson, Ph.D., University of California at Irvine, reported finding substantial individual variability in responses to medication. They identified three groups of children with different patterns of response. One group, about a third of the children, showed a gradual, moderate improvement; a second group, about half of the children, showed larger initial improvement, which was sustained through the third year; a third group, about 14 percent of the children, responded well initially, but then deteriorated as symptoms returned during the second and third years. Swanson and colleagues suggested "trial withdrawals" for some children to determine if they still need to take medications.

Another report by Swanson and colleagues in the same issue of the JAACAP confirmed an earlier finding from the MTA study that taking medication slowed growth. A group of 65 children with ADHD who had never taken medication grew somewhat larger — about three-fourths of an inch and 6 pounds more, on average — than a group of 88 peers who stayed on medication over the three years. Growth rates normalized for the children on medication by the third year, but they had not made up for the earlier slowing in growth.

In a fourth article, Brooke Molina, Ph.D., University of Pittsburgh, and colleagues reported that, despite treatment, the children with ADHD showed significantly higher-than-normal rates of delinquency (27.1 percent vs. 7.4 percent) and substance use (17.4 percent vs. 7.8 percent) after three years. Earlier evidence of lower substance use rates among children who had received intensive behavioral therapy had lessened by the third year. "These findings underscore the point that ADHD treatment for one year does not prevent serious problems from emerging later," noted Molina.

The follow-up of the MTA sample will continue as the participating children go through adolescence and enter adulthood.

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: National Institute of Mental Health, See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Email this • Sphere: Related Content • Technorati Links • View CC license • Subscribe to this feed • Save to del.icio.us • Share on Facebook • Stumble It! • Add to Mixx! • Discuss on Newsvine • Digg This! • outside.in: geotag this story

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on October 24, 2008 at 07:54 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Is ADHD on the rise in adolescents?

Mental health professionals have long suspected that the rate of ADHD in adolescents is increasing. Now, an article published in Clinical Psychiatric News (8/08) examines this issue. The article reports on a study conducted by the National Center for Health Statistics, originally published in Vital Health Statistics. The researchers analyzed interview data from 40,000 households per year between 1997 and 2006. The results were sobering: “Among children aged 12-17 years, the prevalence of attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) increased by an average of 4% annually from 1997 to 2006.” The results of this study confirm that the incidence of ADHD appears to be rising among adolescents in the United States.

The Bottom Line:This study strongly suggests that the rate of ADHD in adolescents is rising in the United States.

Reference: Original Article

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: See blogpost 7/25/08, blogpost 9/7/08, 4:17pm, 9/7/08 4:23pm, See: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on October 02, 2008 at 12:35 PM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

The best patient guide on the disorders that may accompany ADHD

Learning Disabilities

Many children with ADHD—approximately 20 to 30 percent—also have a specific learning disability (LD).¹⁰ In preschool years, these disabilities include difficulty in understanding certain sounds or words and/or difficulty in expressing oneself in words. In school age children, reading or spelling disabilities, writing disorders, and arithmetic disorders may appear. A type of reading disorder, dyslexia, is quite widespread. Reading disabilities affect up to 8 percent of elementary school children.

Tourette Syndrome

A very small proportion of people with ADHD have a neurological disorder called Tourette syndrome. People with Tourette syndrome have various nervous tics and repetitive mannerisms, such as eye blinks, facial twitches, or grimacing. Others may clear their throats frequently, snort, sniff, or bark out words. These behaviors can be controlled with medication. While very few children have this syndrome, many of the cases of Tourette syndrome have associated ADHD. In such cases, both disorders often require treatment that may include medications.

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

As many as one-third to one-half of all children with ADHD—mostly boys—have another condition, known as oppositional defiant disorder (ODD). These children are often defiant, stubborn, non-compliant, have outbursts of temper, or become belligerent. They argue with adults and refuse to obey.

Conduct Disorder

About 20 to 40 percent of ADHD children may eventually develop conduct disorder (CD), a more serious pattern of antisocial behavior. These children frequently lie or steal, fight with or bully others, and are at a real risk of getting into trouble at school or with the police. They violate the basic rights of other people, are aggressive toward people and/or animals, destroy property, break into people’s homes, commit thefts, carry or use weapons, or engage in vandalism. These children or teens are at greater risk for substance use experimentation, and later dependence and abuse. They need immediate help.

Anxiety and Depression

Some children with ADHD often have co-occurring anxiety or depression. If the anxiety or depression is recognized and treated, the child will be better able to handle the problems that accompany ADHD. Conversely, effective treatment of ADHD can have a positive impact on anxiety as the child is better able to master academic tasks.

Bipolar Disorder

There are no accurate statistics on how many children with ADHD also have bipolar disorder. Differentiating between ADHD and bipolar disorder in childhood can be difficult. In its classic form, bipolar disorder is characterized by mood cycling between periods of intense highs and lows. But in children, bipolar disorder often seems to be a rather chronic mood dysregulation with a mixture of elation, depression, and irritability. Furthermore, there are some symptoms that can be present both in ADHD and bipolar disorder, such as a high level of energy and a reduced need for sleep. Of the symptoms differentiating children with ADHD from those with bipolar disorder, elated mood and grandiosity of the bipolar child are distinguishing characteristics.¹¹

Thirteen Great Books on ADHD

Resource and Support Groups for ADHD

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and adults on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General” or type in the keyword “ADHD and Adults” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Adults” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar.

Sources: National Institute of Mental Health, See also blogposts in: Psychiatric Disorders: Children

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on September 29, 2008 at 11:06 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Ten Resources and support groups for ADHD children

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and children on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children” or type in the keyword “depression” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Children” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on September 07, 2008 at 04:23 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children, Resource: Groups: ADHD Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Ten great books on ADHD in children

Parenting Children With Adhd: 10 Lessons That Medicine Cannot Teach (APA Lifetools) by Vincent J., Ph.D. Monastra (Paperback - Nov 2004)
The Edison Gene: ADHD and the Gift of the Hunter Child by Thom Hartmann and Lucy Jo Palladino (Paperback - Jan 14, 2005)
10 Days to a Less Distracted Child: The Breakthrough Program that Gets Your Kids to Listen, Learn, Focus, and Behave by Jeffrey Bernstein
The ADHD Book of Lists: A Practical Guide for Helping Children and Teens with Attention Deficit Disorders by Sandra F., M.A. Rief (Paperback - April 10, 2003)
Homework Success for Children with ADHD: A Family-School Intervention Program by Thomas J. Power, James L. Karustis, Dina F. Habboushe Harth, and Dina F. Habboushe (Paperback - Jan 16, 2001)
How To Reach And Teach Children with ADD/ADHD: Practical Techniques, Strategies, and Interventions by Sandra F., M.A. Rief (Paperback - Mar 17, 2005)
Taking Charge of ADHD: The Complete, Authoritative Guide for Parents (Revised Edition) by Russell A. Barkley
Does Everyone Have ADHD? A Teen's Guide to Diagnosis And Treatment by Christine Petersen
The Attention Zone: A Parent's Guide To Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity by Michael Cohen
A Parent's Guide to Attention Deficit Disorder by Alan Kwasman

Additional Resources:

For related articles on ADHD and children on the Web, click on: “Sphere: Related Content” located at the bottom of this blog post.
For related books or blog posts with related content in Dr. Jeff’s and Dr. Tanya’s Blog, go to “Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children” or type in the keyword “depression” into “Google Search” located in the sidebar.
For more books with related content, click any hyperlinked keyword in the blog or type in the keyword, “ADHD and Children” into “Amazon Search” on the Amazon banner located in the side bar

Sources: See blogpost 7/25/08, See: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on September 07, 2008 at 04:17 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children, Resource: Books: ADHD Children | Permalink | Comments (0)

Do ADHD patients feel like square pegs in round holes?

ADHD patients, in spite of treatment, often complain about feeling like square pegs in round holes with respect to their environment. A new study titled, “Fitting Square Pegs into Round Holes: The Challenge of Coping with Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” published in Clinical Child Psychology and Psychiatry, Vol. 13, No. 3, 343-363 (2008), examines this issue in more detail. Twelve ADHD patients between the ages of 11 and 17 were interviewed in a semi-structured format. And the results? “[The results] suggested a reciprocal relationship between young people and their social context, with the challenges of ADHD formulated as a mismatch between the two; young people were like square pegs trying to fit into rigid round holes. This `vicious cycle' led young people to feel out of control and have low self-esteem. ADHD was experienced as less challenging when the environment was adaptable and flexible, and when young people experienced the support and acceptance of others.” This study suggests that parents of ADHD children should strive construct an environment for their children that “motivate[s] young people to make their own changes, and foster[s] a sense of agency and positive sense of self.”

The Bottom Line: This study strongly suggests that ADHD children often feel like square pegs in round holes.

Reference: Original Article

Sources: See blogpost 7/25/08, See: Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: General

Suggested Reading:

A Parent's Guide to Attention Deficit Disorder by Alan Kwasman
The Attention Zone: A Parent's Guide To Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity by Michael Cohen
Does Everyone Have ADHD? A Teen's Guide to Diagnosis And Treatment by Christine Petersen
Taking Charge of ADHD: The Complete, Authoritative Guide for Parents (Revised Edition) by Russell A. Barkley

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on August 11, 2008 at 07:13 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink

St. John’s Wort and ADHD: Does it work in children?

Many parents of children with ADHD are interested in alternative treatments, such as St. John’s Wort because they have found that traditional psychiatric medications are ineffective or are associated with too many side effects. A study reported in the Psychiatric Times July 18, 2008, titled “Hypericum Perforatum for Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder in Children and Adolescents: A Randomized Controlled Trial,” examines this issue. This study, originally published on June 11, 2008 in the Journal of the American Medical Association, randomized 54 children with ADHD into two groups. One group was given St. John’s Wort and the other group was given a placebo. The children were followed while they received either St. John’sWort or placebo, and were re-assessed after 8 weeks with standard ADHD rating scales. And the results of the study? The authors found no difference in the ADHD rating scale scores between the two groups. Although the study was limited by a small sample size, the results suggest that Wort may not be effective in the treatment of ADHD in children.

The Bottom Line: St. John’s Wort does not appear to be more effective than placebo in the treatment of ADHD in children.

Reference:

http://pn.psychiatryonline.org/cgi/content/full/43/14/16?maxtoshow=&HITS=20&hits=20&RESULTFORMAT=&searchid=1&FIRSTINDEX=0&displaysectionid=Clinical+&resourcetype=HWCIT

Suggested Reading:

A Parent's Guide to Attention Deficit Disorder by Alan Kwasman
The Attention Zone: A Parent's Guide To Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity by Michael Cohen
Does Everyone Have ADHD? A Teen's Guide to Diagnosis And Treatment by Christine Petersen
Taking Charge of ADHD: The Complete, Authoritative Guide for Parents (Revised Edition) by Russell A. Barkley

Dr. Tanya Korkosz

Dr. Jeffrey Speller

Psychopharmacology Associates of New England

www.psychopharmassociates.com

Posted by Dr. Jeff and Dr. Tanya on August 04, 2008 at 07:31 AM in Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children | Permalink

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Psychiatric Disorders: ADHD: Children

Background

Results of the Study

Significance

What's Next

Reference

Background

Results of the Study

Significance

What’s Next

Reference

Reference

Reference

Learning Disabilities

Tourette Syndrome

Oppositional Defiant Disorder

Conduct Disorder

Anxiety and Depression

Bipolar Disorder